Silica mai ruwawani muhimmin abu ne mai ƙarfafawa a masana'antar roba. Sifofinsa daban-daban suna shafar juriyar gogewa ta roba kai tsaye ko kai tsaye ta hanyar tasiri ga hulɗar fuska da matrix na roba, watsawa, da kuma sifofin injina na robar. A ƙasa, farawa daga mahimman sifofin, za mu yi cikakken nazari kan hanyoyin tasirinsu kan juriyar gogewa ta roba:
1. Yankin Fuskar Musamman (BET)
Takamaiman yankin saman yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da silica ke da shi, wanda ke nuna yankin hulɗarsa kai tsaye tare da ƙarfin roba da ƙarfafawa, wanda hakan ke tasiri sosai ga juriyar gogewa.
(1) Tasiri Mai Kyau: A cikin wani takamaiman kewayon, ƙara takamaiman yankin saman (misali, daga 100 m²/g zuwa 200 m²/g) yana ƙara yankin hulɗa tsakanin silica da matrix na roba. Wannan na iya haɓaka ƙarfin haɗin fuska ta hanyar "tasirin ɗaurewa," yana inganta juriyar roba ga nakasa da tasirin ƙarfafawa. A wannan lokacin, taurin roba, ƙarfin tauri, da ƙarfin tsagewa suna ƙaruwa. A lokacin lalacewa, ba ya saurin rabuwa da abu saboda yawan damuwa na gida, wanda ke haifar da babban ci gaba a juriyar gogewa.
(2) Tasiri mara kyau: Idan takamaiman yankin saman ya yi girma sosai (misali, ya wuce 250 m²/g), ƙarfin van der Waals da haɗin hydrogen tsakanin ƙwayoyin silica suna ƙaruwa, suna haifar da haɗuwa cikin sauƙi (musamman ba tare da maganin saman ba), wanda ke haifar da raguwar watsewa sosai. Agglomerates suna samar da "wuraren tattara damuwa" a cikin robar. A lokacin lalacewa, karyewar ta fi faruwa a kusa da agglomerates, wanda hakan ke rage juriyar gogewa.
Kammalawa: Akwai takamaiman kewayon saman (yawanci 150-220 m²/g, ya bambanta da nau'in roba) inda tasirin warwatsewa da ƙarfafawa suka daidaita, wanda ke haifar da juriya mafi kyau ga gogewa.
2. Girman Barbashi da Rarraba Girman
Babban girman barbashi (ko girman tarin) da kuma rarrabawar silica suna shafar juriyar gogewa ta hanyar tasiri ga daidaiton warwatsewa da hulɗar fuska.
(1) Girman Barbashi: Ƙananan girman barbashi (yawanci suna da alaƙa mai kyau da takamaiman yankin saman) sun dace da manyan wuraren saman da tasirin ƙarfafawa mai ƙarfi (kamar yadda ke sama). Duk da haka, ƙananan girman barbashi (misali, babban girman barbashi < 10 nm) yana ƙara ƙarfin haɗuwa tsakanin barbashi sosai, yana ƙara wahalar wargajewa sosai. Wannan maimakon haka yana haifar da lahani na gida, yana rage juriyar gogewa.
(2) Rarraba Girman Barbashi: Silica mai kunkuntar rarraba girman barbashi yana warwatsewa daidai gwargwado a cikin roba, yana guje wa "wurare masu rauni" waɗanda manyan barbashi (ko agglomerates) suka samar. Idan rarrabawar ta yi faɗi sosai (misali, tana ɗauke da barbashi na 10 nm da sama da 100 nm), manyan barbashi suna zama wuraren farawa na lalacewa (wanda galibi suna lalacewa yayin gogewa), wanda ke haifar da raguwar juriya ga gogewa.
Kammalawa: Silica mai ƙaramin girman barbashi (wanda ya dace da yankin saman da ya dace) da kuma rarrabawar kunkuntar ya fi amfani don haɓaka juriyar gogewa.
3. Tsarin (Darajar Shawarar DBP)
Tsarin yana nuna sarkakiyar rassan silica (wanda aka siffanta da ƙimar sha na DBP; ƙimar da ta fi girma tana nuna babban tsari). Yana shafar tsarin hanyar sadarwa na roba da juriya ga nakasa.
(1) Tasiri Mai Kyau: Silica mai tsari mai girma yana samar da tarin abubuwa masu girma uku, yana ƙirƙirar "cibiyar kwarangwal" mai yawa a cikin robar. Wannan yana haɓaka sassaucin robar da juriya ga saitin matsi. A lokacin gogewa, wannan hanyar sadarwa na iya hana ƙarfin tasirin waje, yana rage lalacewa ta hanyar lalacewa mai maimaitawa, ta haka yana inganta juriyar gogewa.
(2) Tasiri mara kyau: Tsarin da ya wuce kima (sha DBP fiye da 300 mL/100g) yana haifar da haɗuwa cikin sauƙi tsakanin tarin silica. Wannan yana haifar da ƙaruwa sosai a cikin danko na Mooney yayin haɗa roba, rashin kyawun kwararar sarrafawa, da kuma warwatsewar da ba ta daidaita ba. Yankunan da ke da tsari mai yawa a cikin gida za su fuskanci saurin lalacewa saboda yawan damuwa, wanda hakan ke rage juriya ga gogewa.
Kammalawa: Tsarin matsakaici (sha DBP 200-250 mL/100g) ya fi dacewa don daidaita yadda ake sarrafawa da juriya ga gogewa.
4. Abubuwan da ke cikin saman Hydroxyl (Si-OH)
Rukunin silanol (Si-OH) da ke saman silica sune mabuɗin yin tasiri ga dacewarsa da roba, wanda ke shafar juriyar gogewa ta hanyar ƙarfin haɗin fuska.
(1) Ba a yi wa magani ba: Yawan sinadarin hydroxyl mai yawa (> ƙungiyoyi 5/nm²) cikin sauƙi yana haifar da haɗakar ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar haɗa hydrogen, wanda ke haifar da rashin wargajewa. A lokaci guda, ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl ba su da daidaito sosai da ƙwayoyin roba (galibi ba sa polar), wanda ke haifar da raunin haɗin fuska. A lokacin lalacewa, silica yana iya rabuwa da robar, wanda ke rage juriyar gogewa.
(2) An Yi Magani Da Maganin Haɗa Silane: Magungunan haɗin gwiwa (misali, Si69) suna amsawa da ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl, suna rage haɗuwa tsakanin barbashi da kuma gabatar da ƙungiyoyi masu dacewa da roba (misali, ƙungiyoyin mercapto), suna ƙara ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin fuska. A wannan lokacin, "angaren sinadarai" yana samuwa tsakanin silica da roba. Canja wurin damuwa ya zama iri ɗaya, kuma barewar fuska ba ta da yawa yayin lalacewa, wanda hakan ke inganta juriya ga gogewa sosai.
Kammalawa: Yawan sinadarin Hydroxyl ya kamata ya zama matsakaici (ƙungiyoyi 3-5/nm²), kuma dole ne a haɗa shi da maganin silane don haɓaka haɗin fuska da inganta juriyar gogewa.
Darajar pH 5
Darajar pH na silica (yawanci 6.0-8.0) galibi tana shafar juriyar gogewa ta hanyar yin tasiri ga tsarin lalata roba.
(1) Yawaita Acid (pH < 6.0): Yana hana ayyukan masu haɓaka vulcanization, yana jinkirta ƙimar vulcanization, kuma yana iya haifar da rashin cikakkiyar vulcanization da rashin isasshen yawan haɗin gwiwa a cikin robar. Roba mai ƙarancin yawan haɗin gwiwa yana da ƙarancin halayen injiniya (misali, ƙarfin juriya, tauri). A lokacin lalacewa, yana iya haifar da lalacewar filastik da asarar kayan aiki, wanda ke haifar da rashin juriya ga gogewa.
(2) Alkaline Mai Yawa (pH > 8.0): Yana iya hanzarta vulcanization (musamman ga masu haɓaka thiazole), yana haifar da vulcanization na farko da sauri da kuma rashin daidaituwar haɗin gwiwa (haɗin gwiwa na gida ko haɗin gwiwa na ƙasa). Yankunan da aka haɗa fiye da ɗaya suna yin rauni, yankunan da aka haɗa ƙasa suna da ƙarancin ƙarfi; duka biyun za su rage juriyar gogewa.
Kammalawa: Tsaka-tsaki zuwa ɗan acidic (pH 5.0-7.0) ya fi dacewa don yin vulcanization iri ɗaya, yana tabbatar da halayen injin roba da inganta juriya ga gogayya.
6. Abubuwan da ke cikin kazanta
Najasa a cikin silica (kamar ions na ƙarfe kamar Fe³⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, ko gishirin da ba a yi aiki da shi ba) na iya rage juriyar gogewa ta hanyar lalata tsarin roba ko kuma tsoma baki ga vulcanization.
(1) Ion na ƙarfe: Ion ɗin ƙarfe masu canzawa kamar Fe³⁺ suna haɓaka tsufa na roba, suna hanzarta yanke sarkar ƙwayoyin roba. Wannan yana haifar da lalacewa a cikin kayan aikin injiniya akan lokaci, yana rage juriya ga gogewa. Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ na iya amsawa tare da abubuwan da ke haifar da vulcanizing a cikin roba, yana hana vulcanization da rage yawan haɗin gwiwa.
(2) Gishiri Mai Narkewa: Yawan gishirin da ke cikin datti (misali, Na₂SO₄) yana ƙara yawan sinadarin silica, wanda ke haifar da samuwar kumfa yayin sarrafa roba. Waɗannan kumfa suna haifar da lahani na ciki; yayin lalacewa, gazawar yakan fara a waɗannan wuraren lahani, yana rage juriyar gogewa.
Kammalawa: Dole ne a kula da abubuwan da ke cikin datti sosai (misali, Fe³⁺ < 1000 ppm) don rage mummunan tasirin da ke kan aikin roba.
A taƙaice, tasirinsilica mai fashewaakan juriyar goge roba sakamakon tasirin haɗin gwiwa na halaye da yawa: Takamaiman yankin saman da girman barbashi suna ƙayyade ƙarfin ƙarfafawa na asali; tsari yana shafar kwanciyar hankali na hanyar sadarwa ta roba; ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl na saman da pH suna daidaita haɗin fuska da daidaiton vulcanization; yayin da ƙazanta ke lalata aiki ta hanyar lalata tsarin. A aikace-aikace, dole ne a inganta haɗin kaddarorin bisa ga nau'in roba (misali, mahaɗin tayoyin taya, mai rufewa). Misali, mahaɗan tayoyin yawanci suna zaɓar silica tare da babban yanki na saman, matsakaiciyar tsari, ƙarancin ƙazanta, kuma a haɗa su da maganin wakilin haɗa silane don haɓaka juriyar gogewa.
Lokacin Saƙo: Yuli-22-2025